Current Development Of Federal Health Care Policy

In March 23rd 2010, the Obama administration enacted a major development of federal health care policy. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly dubbed â€Å"Obamacare†, was planned to guarantee that millions of Americans who could not afford health insurance would have access to at least basic coverage. The law sought to make access to health care universal: it required individuals without insurance to purchase insurance (individual mandate), it required businesses to provide insurance (employer mandate), it set up insurance pools to allow those without care to purchase inexpensive insurance (healthcare exchanges), it required states to extend their Medicaid coverage (Medicaid expansion clause), and it forbade insurance†¦show more content†¦Among others, in these specifically enumerate and include religious freedoms and freedom of speech. More so, they are expanded in general in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain righ ts, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Though politics is not the aim of our assignment or this writing, implicit in our work to identify important provisions with the ACA and argue how such provisions relate to Federalism and civil liberties under the Constitution should be a suspicion of the political intent surrounding the passage of this law. One wonders if we can ignore a meaning of the relationship on federalism and civil liberties, in just in the passing of the biggest and costliest of laws in the history of this nation, transferring 1/6th of the economy to the federal government in ways that would only be enumerated after its passing. It had little public support and was passed entirely by Democrats without one Republican vote from either house and in many cases, democrat votes that were cast under dubious circumstances. There is a strong argument at the least a suspicion that the passage of the law violated elements of federalism and civil liberties. Therefore why would provisions, then, of the law not also inten ded to achieve the same intent. This writing shall deal with provisions of the law as it was enacted and not waivers and changes thatShow MoreRelatedRole Of Policy On Health Care Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Role of Policy in Health Care Student Name Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Role of Policy in Health Care Ek, R., Goolsby, L., Wengrovius, E. (2011).The national policy outlook for 2011. Policy Practice, 69(1), 16. 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Private sector insurance in health is underdeveloped and covers only a small proportion of the population through the Ethiopian Insurance Corporation (EIC) and recently through a few private insurance companies. Beneficiaries of health insurance schemes are a few private organizations and public enterprises. According to NHA III, private health insurance accounts for only 1.1 % ofRead MoreWA High Risk Medication Policy Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesFurthermore, in U.S., dealing with opioid addiction with opioid prescriptions is managed by Federal Regulation 42 CFR Part 8, which offers for an authorization and certification-based schemes for opioid treatment agenda. The guideline recognizes that dependence on a drug is a therapeutic disorder that may entail reverse healing procedures for dissimilar patients. The Division of Pharmacologic Therapies, which is an element of the SAMHSA Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, is accountable for managingRead MoreThe Three Core Functions Of Public Health846 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduction to public health and to answer three questions. What are the three core functions of public health? What are the essential services associated with each of these? What agencies (federal, state, or local) are responsible for carrying out these core functions and essential services? In the paper below these questions will be answered in reference to the E-learning video while using the provided sources. Core Functions What are the three core functions of public health? According to theRead MoreHealth Policy and The Federal Government Essay examples1238 Words   |  5 PagesOur health care system is currently undergoing a much needed reform. We all too often hear about the uninsured and underinsured, how many millions of Americans are going without. What we do not hear about is how implementing new Health IT strategies we will help reform the health care system as well. We are all aware of the governments current financial situation but we cannot get anywhere without spending first. What are some of the major milestones in the development and advancement of HealthRead MoreThe Care Act ( Obamacare )1607 Words   |  7 PagesProtection and Afordable Care Act (Obamacare) was the need for states to expand eligibility to Medicaid in a bid aimed at improving the health of the welfare of the country Medicaid is a component of what the federal government enacted in the year 1965 that seeks to finance the delivery of better and affordable health care services to those designated â€Å"needy families† and to children. The program required states to expand the eligibility criteria to 138 percent of the federal government poverty levels

Garveyism and Rastafarianism Essay - 3979 Words

Garveyism and Rastafarianism I. Introduction In the twentieth century, two movements have emerged out of Jamaica in protest of black oppression and slavery, both mental and physical. The first to evolve was Garveyism, founded by Marcus Garvey, and was born in the aftermath of the First World War. Rastafarianism was the second movement to emerge, lead by Leonard Howell during the depression years of the 1930’s. Garveyism and Rastafarianism are both resistance movements based on the same ideal: consciousness and essentialism of Africa and its descendants. The founding brethren of the Rastafari movement were Garveyites themselves, although not members of the Universal Negro Improvement Asscioation (UNIA), they agreed with and defended†¦show more content†¦Garvey’s aim was to recontextualize particular aspects of seeming irreconcilable systems of Marxism/Leninism, monarchism, and even of National Socialism for the African of Africa American experience (Zips, 224). Garvey did not feel restricted by established political ideologies, instead he felt free to pick out the best attributes of every government. Ultimately, Garveyism hoped to develop the African continent into a modern network of nations, modeling it after the United States and Western Europe (Lewis , 146). Garvey established the UNIA in Jamaica in the year 1914, two years later he left for the United States in order to gain more momentum for his movement and spread the African unity he had started in Jamaica. Before leaving Jamaica, Garvey made a prophecy of sorts to his followers: â€Å"Look into Africa for the crowning of a black king. He shall be the Redeemer† (Barrett, 67). From this prediction stems most of the discrepancy between Garveyites and Rastafarians, something I will discuss later in this paper. The four main themes that the Garvey movement was built upon were 1) Africa for Africans at home and abroad, 2) unity, 3) self-reliance, and 4) retaining their black pride in the presence of whites (Chevannes, 95). Garvey brought this ideology with him to the United States where he founded an American branch of the UNIA in 1917 and furthered his initiativesShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Ethiopian Church Of Egypt991 Words   |  4 PagesRastafarianism is the child of two very distinct and unrelated entities. One parent is Garveyism, an ideology which at its essence is a Black supremacist socio-political movement with the end goal of repatriating African descendants in the diaspora back to Africa and and Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church is one of the five   monophysite churches, characterised by their rejection of the Council of Chalcedon 451 AD(Ethiopian) This council was convened in an effort toRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Time Of Battle For African Americans2917 Words   |  12 Pagescome to characterize both a social marvel, sorted out under the pennant of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL), and a period of dark renaissance, in which Garveyism and the idea of dark racial pride got to be synonymous, (Holly, 132). Garveyism as an ideological development started in dark Harlem in the spring of 1918, and after that thrived all through the dark world. Almost a thousand UNIA divisions were framed, and a huge number of individualsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesus to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejectsRead More African Music of the Rastafari, the Rasta Community, the Dreads4350 Words   |  18 Pagesmelting pot of African and indigenous Afro-European forms of music such as Kumina, burru, myal, Revivalism, Pocomania and other church variations. At this time, Count Ossie was making regular trips to reason with other Rasta brethren on Garveyism, Rastafarianism, black culture, and blackman redemption. It was there that Count Ossie learned to play the burru drums. As the late Ossie told it, he first learned to play the funde, and then went on to master the akete (Potash 9). Ossie’s teacher was

Management in a Global Business Environment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement in a Global Business Environment for Ford. Answer: Introduction While opening a new business in any country, it is very important for the management level authorities to consider all the factors related to the business and operations. The proper and accurate analysis of the Ground conditions of any new country gives a clear view of the opportunities and scopes that can be availed by that company in that particular country. Firstly, the following study is all about the challenges that are likely to be faced by an American Automobile Giant named Ford while initiating a business in India. Secondly, this study describes the different factors like political, economic and Technological factors that have the potential to influence the operations of operations of Ford Company in India. Thirdly it has also included the Socio Economic factors that has discussed about the lifestyle of Indian people in rural as well as urban areas. Finally, the thesis statement of this study is to analyze and discuss the impacts of different factors including Political, Technological, Socio-cultural and Economic of Indian society and market on the operations of Ford. Body Business Expansion in India The Ford Automobile recognizes that India is a very ideal market for opening a new business because of many favorable factors. According to Collings (2014), the fastest growing economy in the world, which is India, is likely to provide a great platform for the organizations from outside to stay and install their business. The influential factors like Political and Economic conditions are in favor of foreign investors in the current scenario as compared to the circumstances that were present earlier. Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera (2013) have stated that the new government in India has increased the Foreign Direct Investment for Automobile sectors in India have been increased to 89% under the reign of current government. In addition, the growth in urbanization and increasing trend of using private cars by people can provide a good market for Ford in Indian Markets. Political factors Ford has decided to expand their business on a global arena and India is among the many international markets that Ford is planning to enter. Mainela, Puhakka, Servais, (2014) opined that, in India, political factors comprise a crucial risk for a big brand like Ford that operates internationally. Political environment in India is volatile since changes in the Government are more often. This volatile environment can result in a massive disruption in the supply chain management system of Ford as well as their distribution network. This is a severe bad influence for a business that is entering a new market. As per CPI (Corruption Perception Index) in 2015, among 178 countries India has ranked 87th rank in transparency, facing a demotion from rank 84. Ford can get an idea about the degree of corruption prevalent in India from this perception and business analyst of Ford can recommend the formulating of an appropriate business strategy that is needed to be followed by Ford to survive in such turbulent and corruptive political environment (blog.euromonitor.com, 2017). It has been acknowledged that a comprehensive and convenient system of taxation prevalent in a country promotes exponential growth in local, emerging as well as international business. As supported by OECD (2017), effective and on time implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, have assisted the investments, competitiveness as well as significant growth in economy. However, as mentioned by Sarasvathy et al. (2014), rate of corporate income tax are being reduced by the Government that can hamper the infrastructural requirements. All these factors related to tax system prevalent in India can are considered by Ford prior to enter the Indian market to modify their business policies as per the taxation rules. Government of India has recently focused on eco friendly as well as fuel efficient cars to be operated in the country. In this perspective, entry of Ford in the Indian market can be profitable for the organisation as they produce cars that require less fuel. Thus the company has a great opportunity in gaining support from the prevailing Government that would greatly impact on profitability as well as revenue of the entity. However legislations in India have a great impact on the international business that is operating in India. Cheng et al. (2014) mentioned that Companies Act, 2013, subjects to provisions that are related to acquisitions and mergers, CSR and shareholding of the international business operating in India with the local and national business entities. Ford needs to be prepared to face such consequences on entering the Indian market as they operated as an independent organisation in US. In addition to this, fiscal policies that are prolonged by the Indian government results in improvement of macroeconomic framework, sustainability, opening up of economy, overall improved health outcome in terms of business (Amritt, Inc., 2017). Ford will be able to acknowledge the outcomes of their business operations on analyzing the effect of these policies. Economic Factors As far the economic conditions of India is concerned, the country is growing at a tremendous rate of 7.8% which is even greater than the Republic of China that used to be at the top position (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). It can be said that the Automobile market of India has also been growing significantly. The Make in India campaign that was started by the Indian Prime Minister in 2015 accompanied by raising the barrier of Foreign Direct Investment in Automobile sector of the nation has paved ways for many companies to start their business in India. However, Ambos Hkanson (2014) have argued that the tremendous economic growth of Indian Society has also resulted in the growth and inception of new Car Companies in India that have managed to make a strong hold in the Automobile Sector. This includes Tata Automobiles as well as Mahindra Auto. It can also be said that the inflation rates and Interest rates provided by Indian Banks to the people is of significantly economic value. As per Glavas Mathews (2014), the current inflation rate and interest rates for car loans provided in India is 1.91% and approximately 9.35% respectively. Therefore, Ford can introduce its new versions of family car at cheaper rates to attract the customers. Moreover, the labor and energy costs are comparatively low in India than in other countries. The actual figures keep fluctuating, but it is always less than other countries. As mentioned by Munyon et al. (2015), the average unemployment rate in India is about 4%. This includes a number of Engineering Graduates that are unable to get jobs due to lack of opportunities. Hence, it can be said that there can be number of candidates that will compete among each other for the opportunities will certainly allow the Fords Human Resources Management Department to choose the best and most potential people for the Jobs. It is to be noted that the World Bank made a statement in 2014 regarding Fiscal Policies where it has been mentioned that the weakening economies of major markets in the world can be the reason for business failure if a new investment is done in any country (World Bank, 2017). However, as per the Annual reports of Ford Automobiles, the Ford has managed to maintain a significant Operating Margin of 6.7% in its Automotive Segment (Corporate.ford.com, 2017). In addition, the Operating Cash flow has been quite considerable with nominal rate of growth despite having very strict fiscal policies in China. However, in case of Indian Societies, the Income Distribution does not exist in some specific pattern that will help Ford grow in India (Jr, 2017). Social Factors Social factors like the lifestyle of the community of the country influence the buying decision of the customers and affect the sales volume of the company like Ford Motor Company. In order to expand business in India, Ford Motor Company has analysed cultural trends and lifestyle of people in India. In India lifestyle of people is improving with an increase into GDP, people are tending to purchase four-wheeler. This ensures a large customer base in the Indian market for the automobile sector. Ford can grab this market opportunities in India by making a market entry in Indian automobile sector. In India, family size is maximum 4 which determine the suitability for selecting four wheelers. As argued by Monga, Chaudhary Tripathi (2012), According to PPP index India has 4th largest urbanisation that refers large potential customer base in India for Ford. In Indian society, the household income level is experiencing an upward migration that ensures a possible opportunity for Ford making a market entry in Indian automobile sector. It can be counter argued that among these high population most of the people are middle-class people who have less affordability of cars (Thestatesman.com, 2017). Another social perspective that Ford has to consider while expanding its business in Indian market is that in India the car price under USD 12000 is present in 80% (approx) of Indian market (Autocarpro.in, 2017). Thus, for this reason, Ford has to reconsider its pricing strategy, as social and cultural set-up the USA is different from India. People in India are highly qualified and discerning. Even they are much price sensitive and require the product to be value for money. It can be counter argued that Ford has to invest more funds to ensure both sustainability and cost efficiency for Indian customers (Thestatesman.com, 2017). As India is a developing country, economic complications are present that lead the customer to prefer company and small cars. The culture among Indian people is much environment sensitive thus, they require environment sustainability. Due to price sensitivity, people in India requires cars to be less fuel consuming that takes less cost for running. Instead of potential opportunities, the Ford can face two major hindrances due to social and cultural perspectives (Autocarpro.in, 2017). Technological factors India has made an exponential growth in the past few years in the field of technology. As per NASSCOM, the second most connected nation in the world after China is India (Techinasia.com, 2017). Consumer expenditure has been extended a lot and by 2020 it is expected that the country will obtain higher income, high unemployment, high convenience and optimum accessibility. Technology has also supported the enhancement in income of the people. Government has also initiated tax free zones, Special Economic Zones and Software Technology Parks in the country that will provide much assistance and a high technological environment to Ford, which is planning to enter the Indian market (Techinasia.com, 2017). However, Ford, being a US based organisation, is subjected to the most advanced technological activities. Soria Troisi (2014) informed that Ford will be facing a huge opportunity on entering Indian market from the technological perspective as they are coming from a developed country and operating in a developing country. Consequently technological maturity will be high. A possible challenge will be faced in the legislation, where IT Act, 2000 focuses on the e-commerce, e-business and new economy in India. Ford will be subjected to several compliances of the legislation. Among Indian automobile companies, the activities of R D lay more emphasis to ensure more technological advancement in terms of safety in four wheelers. In Indian automobile industry, the technological solutions have thorough integration in supply chain management. As argued by Monga, Chaudhary Tripathi (2012), the government of India is undertaking technological development projects like National Automotive Testing and RD Infrastructure Project in order to promote zero emission. As counter argued by Shende (2014), though with National Automotive Testing and RD Infrastructure Project government promotes automobile industry growth in India, it also sets the international standard for making a market entry in India. The advancement in technology also has ensured the use of hybrid cars and alternative fuels. Ford, in order to satisfy Indian customer needs, has to design hybrid car concept with technological advancements. As argued by Monga, Chaudhary, Tripathi (2012), cyber security also plays a significant role in analysing customers requirements and providing information about the cars to the customers. Hyundai, BMW and Maruti have already used the cyber technology for attaining maximum market shares in India (Thestatesman.com, 2017). Thus, it can act as a potential challenge for Ford to match the customer demand of technologically advanced fuel efficient, low cost and compact cars in Indian market. Conclusion After going through all the factors of business initiation in India, it can be said that the Indian Economy is likely to provide a very Good Market for the Ford Automobile. However, the company needs to make some advancement in its designs to provide some cheaper and family cars for Indian people. In addition, as the trend of using hybrid cars in increasing in India, the company can use this as a scope to expand its market further. However, maintenance of all the factors is important for the organization to establish their base in the new country. It should be the purview of the management to make sure that the policies and procedures that exist in the company should be in accordance with the laws of the new country. Ford may face challenges to deliver affordable sustainable vehicles to the Indian customer as demand by them. It will increase the manufacturing cost of sustainable vehicles. Ford has to invest large funding for establishing the sustainable industry in India. Thus, while making market entry-decision Ford has to consider both opportunities and challenges lead by social and cultural factors. Bibliography Ambos, B., Hkanson, L. (2014). The concept of distance in international management research.Journal of International Management,20(1), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bjoern_Ambos/publication/259142683_The_Concept_of_Distance_in_International_Management_Research/links/56b88abc08ae3c1b79b2da46.pdf Autocarpro.in, (2017), Car buying behaviour in India takes a shift, Available from https://www.autocarpro.in/features/car-buying-behaviour-india-takes-shift-3408 [Accessed on 3 Aug 2017] Business Laws in India | India Business Regulations | Amritt, Inc.. (2017).Amritt, Inc.. Retrieved 7 August 2017, from https://www.amritt.com/services/india-business-consulting/business-laws-regulations-in-india/ Cheng, M., Green, W., Conradie, P., Konishi, N., Romi, A. (2014). The international integrated reporting framework: key issues and future research opportunities.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,25(1), 90-119. Retrieved from https://www.repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/36671/Cheng_International_2014.pdf?sequence=1 Collings, D. G. (2014). Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities.Journal of World Business,49(2), 253-261. Retrieved from https://doras.dcu.ie/20303/1/Collings_JWB_2014.pdf Corruption Impacts India's Business and Political Environment. (2017).Euromonitor International Blog. Retrieved 7 August 2017, from https://blog.euromonitor.com/2011/09/corruption-impacts-indias-business-and-political-environment.html Ford New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers Hybrids | Vehicles Built Just for You | Ford.com. (2017).Ford.com. Retrieved 3 August 2017, from https://www.ford.com/ Glavas, C., Mathews, S. (2014). How international entrepreneurship characteristics influence Internet capabilities for the international business processes of the firm.International Business Review,23(1), 228-245. Retrieved from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/65386/2/65386.pdf Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from https://ltuonline.ltu.edu/syllabi/SP13_MGT6053.pdf Indias Economic Fundamentals Remain Strong; Investment Pick-up Needed for Sustained Growth, says New World Bank Report. (2017).World Bank. Retrieved 14 August 2017, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/05/29/india-economic-fundamentals-remain-strong-investment-pick-up-needed-sustained-growth-says-new-world-bank-report Jr., L. (2017).I.M.F. Warns of Global Financial Risk From Fiscal Policies.Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/business/international/imf-warns-of-global-financial-risk-.html?mcubz=1 Mainela, T., Puhakka, V., Servais, P. (2014). The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: a review and a research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(1), 105-129. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vesa_Puhakka/publication/235971463_The_Concept_of_International_Opportunity_in_International_Entrepreneurship_A_Review_and_a_Research_Agenda/links/0046351506b75a9b24000000.pdf MF and Ford sign international agreement. (2017).IndustriALL. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.industriall-union.org/archive/imf/imf-and-ford-sign-international-agreement. Monga, N., Chaudhary, B., Tripathi, S. (2012). Car market and buying behavior: A study of consumer perception.International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce,2(2), 44-63. Munyon, T. P., Summers, J. K., Thompson, K. M., Ferris, G. R. (2015). Political skill and work outcomes: A theoretical extension, meta?analytic investigation, and agenda for the future.Personnel Psychology,68(1), 143-184. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Munyon/publication/259554667_Political_Skill_and_Work_Outcomes_A_Theoretical_Extension_Meta-Analytic_Investigation_and_Agenda_for_the_Future/links/0c960534d3f379cbea000000.pdf Sarasvathy, S., Kumar, K., York, J. G., Bhagavatula, S. (2014). An effectual approach to international entrepreneurship: Overlaps, challenges, and provocative possibilities.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 71-93. Retrieved from https://www.effectuation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sarasvathy_et_al-2014-Entrepreneurship_Theory_and_Practice-copy.pdf Shende, V. (2014). Analysis of research in consumer behavior of automobile passenger car customer.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(2), 1-12. Soria, K. M., Troisi, J. (2014). Internationalization at home alternatives to study abroad: Implications for students development of global, international, and intercultural competencies.Journal of Studies in International Education,18(3), 261-280. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Krista_Soria/publication/260750389_Internationalization_at_Home_Alternatives_to_Study_Abroad_Implications_for_Students%27_Development_of_Global_International_and_Intercultural_Competencies/links/00463538f2c135dd19000000/Internationalization-at-Home-Alternatives-to-Study-Abroad-Implications-for-Students-Development-of-Global-International-and-Intercultural-Competencies.pdf Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem. (2017).Techinasia.com. 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The Birth Of The Western European Union Began Some 28 Years Essays

The birth of the Western European Union began some 28 years ago on May 6th 1955. However, this alliance was formed from the original Treaty of Dunkirk. The Treaty of Dunkirk was an Anglo-French alliance which was signed on March 4th 1947, when the two signatories agreed to give mutual support to each other should the event of renewed German aggression show it's face again. It was also to agree on a common action should either signatory be prejudiced by any failure of Germany to fulfil it's economic obligations which were enforced upon her by the allies at the end of WWII. The Treaty of Dunkirk was enhanced within only 12 months with the signing of The Brussels Treaty. This was a "Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Co-operation and Collective Self Defence" signed on March 17th 1948 by the countries of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and was implemented by the U.K. Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin. This new and enhanced Treaty of Dunkirk was to be given the name of the Brussels Treaty Organisation (B.T.O.). Among the aims of the treaty were the "strengthening of economic, social and cultural ties between the signatories, the co-ordination of efforts to create a firm basis for European economic recovery, and mutual assistance in maintaining international peace and security". Of the Brussels treaty two articles in particular need mentioning. Article 4 of treaty provided for " mutual assistance in maintaining international peace and security". While article 7 created a Consultative Council to discuss matters covered by the treaty. Over the coming years more talks were held on the formation of a European Defence Council, however these talks broke down and proved fruitless. A new set of talks were scheduled in the summer of 1954 to extend and amend the Brussels Treaty and proved much more successful, with the conclusion of the talks in London between September 28th and October 3rd. The "Paris Agreements" were signed in Paris on October 23rd 1954 by the nine conference powers which included representatives from Belgium, Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. Although some concern may be expressed at the inclusion of Germany as one of the representative states Protocol 1 of the Paris Agreement will explain this. Protocol I Amended the Brussels treaty of 1948 to permit the entry of the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy into the Treaty Organisation. The assistance in case of attack was extended to the two new entrants. The Consultative Council set up under the original treaty was given powers of decision and renamed the Council of Western European Union. On May 6th 1955 the Paris Agreements came into force and the expanded Brussels Treaty Organisation became the Western European Union. There are however three other protocols worth mentioning that were agreed upon within the Paris Agreements. Protocol II Laid down the maximum strength of land and air forces to be maintained in Europe at the disposal of Supreme Allied Commander of NATO by each of the member countries of the WEU in peace time. The contribution of naval forces to NATO by each of the WEU countries would be determined annually. Regular inspections would be held by the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, to ensure that the limits were observed. A special article recapitulated an undertaking by Britain not to withdraw or diminish her forces in Europe against the wishes of the majority of her partners. In 1957 Britain was given permission, by the WEU to withdraw some of her forces from the Federal Republic of Germany. Protocol III Embodied resolutions on the control of armaments on the European mainland. The Federal Republic of Germany was forbidden to manufacture atomic, biological or chemical weapons, and stocks of such weapons in other countries of continental Europe were to be strictly controlled. In addition, Germany undertook not to manufacture long-range and guided missiles, influence mines, warships and strategic bombers unless the competent NATO Supreme Commander should recommend any change in the ruling. Protocol IV Set up an agency for the Control of Armaments and defined its functions, these being mainly to enforce the provision of Protocol III. The German Build Up Within a short period of time due to the build up of the Warsaw pact it was felt that the Federal Republic of Germany would be unable to defend itself against possible aggression from the Russian dominated treaty, and that a number of arrangements would have to be made with regards to the increase in size of its forces. This would, it was believed enhance the