Current Development Of Federal Health Care Policy

In March 23rd 2010, the Obama administration enacted a major development of federal health care policy. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly dubbed â€Å"Obamacare†, was planned to guarantee that millions of Americans who could not afford health insurance would have access to at least basic coverage. The law sought to make access to health care universal: it required individuals without insurance to purchase insurance (individual mandate), it required businesses to provide insurance (employer mandate), it set up insurance pools to allow those without care to purchase inexpensive insurance (healthcare exchanges), it required states to extend their Medicaid coverage (Medicaid expansion clause), and it forbade insurance†¦show more content†¦Among others, in these specifically enumerate and include religious freedoms and freedom of speech. More so, they are expanded in general in the Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain righ ts, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Though politics is not the aim of our assignment or this writing, implicit in our work to identify important provisions with the ACA and argue how such provisions relate to Federalism and civil liberties under the Constitution should be a suspicion of the political intent surrounding the passage of this law. One wonders if we can ignore a meaning of the relationship on federalism and civil liberties, in just in the passing of the biggest and costliest of laws in the history of this nation, transferring 1/6th of the economy to the federal government in ways that would only be enumerated after its passing. It had little public support and was passed entirely by Democrats without one Republican vote from either house and in many cases, democrat votes that were cast under dubious circumstances. There is a strong argument at the least a suspicion that the passage of the law violated elements of federalism and civil liberties. Therefore why would provisions, then, of the law not also inten ded to achieve the same intent. This writing shall deal with provisions of the law as it was enacted and not waivers and changes thatShow MoreRelatedRole Of Policy On Health Care Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Role of Policy in Health Care Student Name Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Role of Policy in Health Care Ek, R., Goolsby, L., Wengrovius, E. (2011).The national policy outlook for 2011. Policy Practice, 69(1), 16. 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Garveyism and Rastafarianism Essay - 3979 Words

Garveyism and Rastafarianism I. Introduction In the twentieth century, two movements have emerged out of Jamaica in protest of black oppression and slavery, both mental and physical. The first to evolve was Garveyism, founded by Marcus Garvey, and was born in the aftermath of the First World War. Rastafarianism was the second movement to emerge, lead by Leonard Howell during the depression years of the 1930’s. Garveyism and Rastafarianism are both resistance movements based on the same ideal: consciousness and essentialism of Africa and its descendants. The founding brethren of the Rastafari movement were Garveyites themselves, although not members of the Universal Negro Improvement Asscioation (UNIA), they agreed with and defended†¦show more content†¦Garvey’s aim was to recontextualize particular aspects of seeming irreconcilable systems of Marxism/Leninism, monarchism, and even of National Socialism for the African of Africa American experience (Zips, 224). Garvey did not feel restricted by established political ideologies, instead he felt free to pick out the best attributes of every government. Ultimately, Garveyism hoped to develop the African continent into a modern network of nations, modeling it after the United States and Western Europe (Lewis , 146). Garvey established the UNIA in Jamaica in the year 1914, two years later he left for the United States in order to gain more momentum for his movement and spread the African unity he had started in Jamaica. Before leaving Jamaica, Garvey made a prophecy of sorts to his followers: â€Å"Look into Africa for the crowning of a black king. He shall be the Redeemer† (Barrett, 67). From this prediction stems most of the discrepancy between Garveyites and Rastafarians, something I will discuss later in this paper. The four main themes that the Garvey movement was built upon were 1) Africa for Africans at home and abroad, 2) unity, 3) self-reliance, and 4) retaining their black pride in the presence of whites (Chevannes, 95). Garvey brought this ideology with him to the United States where he founded an American branch of the UNIA in 1917 and furthered his initiativesShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Ethiopian Church Of Egypt991 Words   |  4 PagesRastafarianism is the child of two very distinct and unrelated entities. One parent is Garveyism, an ideology which at its essence is a Black supremacist socio-political movement with the end goal of repatriating African descendants in the diaspora back to Africa and and Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church is one of the five   monophysite churches, characterised by their rejection of the Council of Chalcedon 451 AD(Ethiopian) This council was convened in an effort toRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Time Of Battle For African Americans2917 Words   |  12 Pagescome to characterize both a social marvel, sorted out under the pennant of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL), and a period of dark renaissance, in which Garveyism and the idea of dark racial pride got to be synonymous, (Holly, 132). Garveyism as an ideological development started in dark Harlem in the spring of 1918, and after that thrived all through the dark world. Almost a thousand UNIA divisions were framed, and a huge number of individualsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesus to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejectsRead More African Music of the Rastafari, the Rasta Community, the Dreads4350 Words   |  18 Pagesmelting pot of African and indigenous Afro-European forms of music such as Kumina, burru, myal, Revivalism, Pocomania and other church variations. At this time, Count Ossie was making regular trips to reason with other Rasta brethren on Garveyism, Rastafarianism, black culture, and blackman redemption. It was there that Count Ossie learned to play the burru drums. As the late Ossie told it, he first learned to play the funde, and then went on to master the akete (Potash 9). Ossie’s teacher was

Management in a Global Business Environment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement in a Global Business Environment for Ford. Answer: Introduction While opening a new business in any country, it is very important for the management level authorities to consider all the factors related to the business and operations. The proper and accurate analysis of the Ground conditions of any new country gives a clear view of the opportunities and scopes that can be availed by that company in that particular country. Firstly, the following study is all about the challenges that are likely to be faced by an American Automobile Giant named Ford while initiating a business in India. Secondly, this study describes the different factors like political, economic and Technological factors that have the potential to influence the operations of operations of Ford Company in India. Thirdly it has also included the Socio Economic factors that has discussed about the lifestyle of Indian people in rural as well as urban areas. Finally, the thesis statement of this study is to analyze and discuss the impacts of different factors including Political, Technological, Socio-cultural and Economic of Indian society and market on the operations of Ford. Body Business Expansion in India The Ford Automobile recognizes that India is a very ideal market for opening a new business because of many favorable factors. According to Collings (2014), the fastest growing economy in the world, which is India, is likely to provide a great platform for the organizations from outside to stay and install their business. The influential factors like Political and Economic conditions are in favor of foreign investors in the current scenario as compared to the circumstances that were present earlier. Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera (2013) have stated that the new government in India has increased the Foreign Direct Investment for Automobile sectors in India have been increased to 89% under the reign of current government. In addition, the growth in urbanization and increasing trend of using private cars by people can provide a good market for Ford in Indian Markets. Political factors Ford has decided to expand their business on a global arena and India is among the many international markets that Ford is planning to enter. Mainela, Puhakka, Servais, (2014) opined that, in India, political factors comprise a crucial risk for a big brand like Ford that operates internationally. Political environment in India is volatile since changes in the Government are more often. This volatile environment can result in a massive disruption in the supply chain management system of Ford as well as their distribution network. This is a severe bad influence for a business that is entering a new market. As per CPI (Corruption Perception Index) in 2015, among 178 countries India has ranked 87th rank in transparency, facing a demotion from rank 84. Ford can get an idea about the degree of corruption prevalent in India from this perception and business analyst of Ford can recommend the formulating of an appropriate business strategy that is needed to be followed by Ford to survive in such turbulent and corruptive political environment (blog.euromonitor.com, 2017). It has been acknowledged that a comprehensive and convenient system of taxation prevalent in a country promotes exponential growth in local, emerging as well as international business. As supported by OECD (2017), effective and on time implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, have assisted the investments, competitiveness as well as significant growth in economy. However, as mentioned by Sarasvathy et al. (2014), rate of corporate income tax are being reduced by the Government that can hamper the infrastructural requirements. All these factors related to tax system prevalent in India can are considered by Ford prior to enter the Indian market to modify their business policies as per the taxation rules. Government of India has recently focused on eco friendly as well as fuel efficient cars to be operated in the country. In this perspective, entry of Ford in the Indian market can be profitable for the organisation as they produce cars that require less fuel. Thus the company has a great opportunity in gaining support from the prevailing Government that would greatly impact on profitability as well as revenue of the entity. However legislations in India have a great impact on the international business that is operating in India. Cheng et al. (2014) mentioned that Companies Act, 2013, subjects to provisions that are related to acquisitions and mergers, CSR and shareholding of the international business operating in India with the local and national business entities. Ford needs to be prepared to face such consequences on entering the Indian market as they operated as an independent organisation in US. In addition to this, fiscal policies that are prolonged by the Indian government results in improvement of macroeconomic framework, sustainability, opening up of economy, overall improved health outcome in terms of business (Amritt, Inc., 2017). Ford will be able to acknowledge the outcomes of their business operations on analyzing the effect of these policies. Economic Factors As far the economic conditions of India is concerned, the country is growing at a tremendous rate of 7.8% which is even greater than the Republic of China that used to be at the top position (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). It can be said that the Automobile market of India has also been growing significantly. The Make in India campaign that was started by the Indian Prime Minister in 2015 accompanied by raising the barrier of Foreign Direct Investment in Automobile sector of the nation has paved ways for many companies to start their business in India. However, Ambos Hkanson (2014) have argued that the tremendous economic growth of Indian Society has also resulted in the growth and inception of new Car Companies in India that have managed to make a strong hold in the Automobile Sector. This includes Tata Automobiles as well as Mahindra Auto. It can also be said that the inflation rates and Interest rates provided by Indian Banks to the people is of significantly economic value. As per Glavas Mathews (2014), the current inflation rate and interest rates for car loans provided in India is 1.91% and approximately 9.35% respectively. Therefore, Ford can introduce its new versions of family car at cheaper rates to attract the customers. Moreover, the labor and energy costs are comparatively low in India than in other countries. The actual figures keep fluctuating, but it is always less than other countries. As mentioned by Munyon et al. (2015), the average unemployment rate in India is about 4%. This includes a number of Engineering Graduates that are unable to get jobs due to lack of opportunities. Hence, it can be said that there can be number of candidates that will compete among each other for the opportunities will certainly allow the Fords Human Resources Management Department to choose the best and most potential people for the Jobs. It is to be noted that the World Bank made a statement in 2014 regarding Fiscal Policies where it has been mentioned that the weakening economies of major markets in the world can be the reason for business failure if a new investment is done in any country (World Bank, 2017). However, as per the Annual reports of Ford Automobiles, the Ford has managed to maintain a significant Operating Margin of 6.7% in its Automotive Segment (Corporate.ford.com, 2017). In addition, the Operating Cash flow has been quite considerable with nominal rate of growth despite having very strict fiscal policies in China. However, in case of Indian Societies, the Income Distribution does not exist in some specific pattern that will help Ford grow in India (Jr, 2017). Social Factors Social factors like the lifestyle of the community of the country influence the buying decision of the customers and affect the sales volume of the company like Ford Motor Company. In order to expand business in India, Ford Motor Company has analysed cultural trends and lifestyle of people in India. In India lifestyle of people is improving with an increase into GDP, people are tending to purchase four-wheeler. This ensures a large customer base in the Indian market for the automobile sector. Ford can grab this market opportunities in India by making a market entry in Indian automobile sector. In India, family size is maximum 4 which determine the suitability for selecting four wheelers. As argued by Monga, Chaudhary Tripathi (2012), According to PPP index India has 4th largest urbanisation that refers large potential customer base in India for Ford. In Indian society, the household income level is experiencing an upward migration that ensures a possible opportunity for Ford making a market entry in Indian automobile sector. It can be counter argued that among these high population most of the people are middle-class people who have less affordability of cars (Thestatesman.com, 2017). Another social perspective that Ford has to consider while expanding its business in Indian market is that in India the car price under USD 12000 is present in 80% (approx) of Indian market (Autocarpro.in, 2017). Thus, for this reason, Ford has to reconsider its pricing strategy, as social and cultural set-up the USA is different from India. People in India are highly qualified and discerning. Even they are much price sensitive and require the product to be value for money. It can be counter argued that Ford has to invest more funds to ensure both sustainability and cost efficiency for Indian customers (Thestatesman.com, 2017). As India is a developing country, economic complications are present that lead the customer to prefer company and small cars. The culture among Indian people is much environment sensitive thus, they require environment sustainability. Due to price sensitivity, people in India requires cars to be less fuel consuming that takes less cost for running. Instead of potential opportunities, the Ford can face two major hindrances due to social and cultural perspectives (Autocarpro.in, 2017). Technological factors India has made an exponential growth in the past few years in the field of technology. As per NASSCOM, the second most connected nation in the world after China is India (Techinasia.com, 2017). Consumer expenditure has been extended a lot and by 2020 it is expected that the country will obtain higher income, high unemployment, high convenience and optimum accessibility. Technology has also supported the enhancement in income of the people. Government has also initiated tax free zones, Special Economic Zones and Software Technology Parks in the country that will provide much assistance and a high technological environment to Ford, which is planning to enter the Indian market (Techinasia.com, 2017). However, Ford, being a US based organisation, is subjected to the most advanced technological activities. Soria Troisi (2014) informed that Ford will be facing a huge opportunity on entering Indian market from the technological perspective as they are coming from a developed country and operating in a developing country. Consequently technological maturity will be high. A possible challenge will be faced in the legislation, where IT Act, 2000 focuses on the e-commerce, e-business and new economy in India. Ford will be subjected to several compliances of the legislation. Among Indian automobile companies, the activities of R D lay more emphasis to ensure more technological advancement in terms of safety in four wheelers. In Indian automobile industry, the technological solutions have thorough integration in supply chain management. As argued by Monga, Chaudhary Tripathi (2012), the government of India is undertaking technological development projects like National Automotive Testing and RD Infrastructure Project in order to promote zero emission. As counter argued by Shende (2014), though with National Automotive Testing and RD Infrastructure Project government promotes automobile industry growth in India, it also sets the international standard for making a market entry in India. The advancement in technology also has ensured the use of hybrid cars and alternative fuels. Ford, in order to satisfy Indian customer needs, has to design hybrid car concept with technological advancements. As argued by Monga, Chaudhary, Tripathi (2012), cyber security also plays a significant role in analysing customers requirements and providing information about the cars to the customers. Hyundai, BMW and Maruti have already used the cyber technology for attaining maximum market shares in India (Thestatesman.com, 2017). Thus, it can act as a potential challenge for Ford to match the customer demand of technologically advanced fuel efficient, low cost and compact cars in Indian market. Conclusion After going through all the factors of business initiation in India, it can be said that the Indian Economy is likely to provide a very Good Market for the Ford Automobile. However, the company needs to make some advancement in its designs to provide some cheaper and family cars for Indian people. In addition, as the trend of using hybrid cars in increasing in India, the company can use this as a scope to expand its market further. However, maintenance of all the factors is important for the organization to establish their base in the new country. It should be the purview of the management to make sure that the policies and procedures that exist in the company should be in accordance with the laws of the new country. Ford may face challenges to deliver affordable sustainable vehicles to the Indian customer as demand by them. It will increase the manufacturing cost of sustainable vehicles. Ford has to invest large funding for establishing the sustainable industry in India. Thus, while making market entry-decision Ford has to consider both opportunities and challenges lead by social and cultural factors. Bibliography Ambos, B., Hkanson, L. (2014). The concept of distance in international management research.Journal of International Management,20(1), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bjoern_Ambos/publication/259142683_The_Concept_of_Distance_in_International_Management_Research/links/56b88abc08ae3c1b79b2da46.pdf Autocarpro.in, (2017), Car buying behaviour in India takes a shift, Available from https://www.autocarpro.in/features/car-buying-behaviour-india-takes-shift-3408 [Accessed on 3 Aug 2017] Business Laws in India | India Business Regulations | Amritt, Inc.. (2017).Amritt, Inc.. Retrieved 7 August 2017, from https://www.amritt.com/services/india-business-consulting/business-laws-regulations-in-india/ Cheng, M., Green, W., Conradie, P., Konishi, N., Romi, A. (2014). The international integrated reporting framework: key issues and future research opportunities.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,25(1), 90-119. Retrieved from https://www.repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/36671/Cheng_International_2014.pdf?sequence=1 Collings, D. G. (2014). Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities.Journal of World Business,49(2), 253-261. Retrieved from https://doras.dcu.ie/20303/1/Collings_JWB_2014.pdf Corruption Impacts India's Business and Political Environment. (2017).Euromonitor International Blog. Retrieved 7 August 2017, from https://blog.euromonitor.com/2011/09/corruption-impacts-indias-business-and-political-environment.html Ford New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers Hybrids | Vehicles Built Just for You | Ford.com. (2017).Ford.com. Retrieved 3 August 2017, from https://www.ford.com/ Glavas, C., Mathews, S. (2014). How international entrepreneurship characteristics influence Internet capabilities for the international business processes of the firm.International Business Review,23(1), 228-245. Retrieved from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/65386/2/65386.pdf Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from https://ltuonline.ltu.edu/syllabi/SP13_MGT6053.pdf Indias Economic Fundamentals Remain Strong; Investment Pick-up Needed for Sustained Growth, says New World Bank Report. (2017).World Bank. Retrieved 14 August 2017, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/05/29/india-economic-fundamentals-remain-strong-investment-pick-up-needed-sustained-growth-says-new-world-bank-report Jr., L. (2017).I.M.F. Warns of Global Financial Risk From Fiscal Policies.Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/business/international/imf-warns-of-global-financial-risk-.html?mcubz=1 Mainela, T., Puhakka, V., Servais, P. (2014). The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: a review and a research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(1), 105-129. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vesa_Puhakka/publication/235971463_The_Concept_of_International_Opportunity_in_International_Entrepreneurship_A_Review_and_a_Research_Agenda/links/0046351506b75a9b24000000.pdf MF and Ford sign international agreement. (2017).IndustriALL. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.industriall-union.org/archive/imf/imf-and-ford-sign-international-agreement. Monga, N., Chaudhary, B., Tripathi, S. (2012). Car market and buying behavior: A study of consumer perception.International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce,2(2), 44-63. Munyon, T. P., Summers, J. K., Thompson, K. M., Ferris, G. R. (2015). Political skill and work outcomes: A theoretical extension, meta?analytic investigation, and agenda for the future.Personnel Psychology,68(1), 143-184. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Munyon/publication/259554667_Political_Skill_and_Work_Outcomes_A_Theoretical_Extension_Meta-Analytic_Investigation_and_Agenda_for_the_Future/links/0c960534d3f379cbea000000.pdf Sarasvathy, S., Kumar, K., York, J. G., Bhagavatula, S. (2014). An effectual approach to international entrepreneurship: Overlaps, challenges, and provocative possibilities.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 71-93. Retrieved from https://www.effectuation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sarasvathy_et_al-2014-Entrepreneurship_Theory_and_Practice-copy.pdf Shende, V. (2014). Analysis of research in consumer behavior of automobile passenger car customer.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(2), 1-12. Soria, K. M., Troisi, J. (2014). Internationalization at home alternatives to study abroad: Implications for students development of global, international, and intercultural competencies.Journal of Studies in International Education,18(3), 261-280. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Krista_Soria/publication/260750389_Internationalization_at_Home_Alternatives_to_Study_Abroad_Implications_for_Students%27_Development_of_Global_International_and_Intercultural_Competencies/links/00463538f2c135dd19000000/Internationalization-at-Home-Alternatives-to-Study-Abroad-Implications-for-Students-Development-of-Global-International-and-Intercultural-Competencies.pdf Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem. (2017).Techinasia.com. Retrieved 9 August 2017, from https://www.techinasia.com/talk/insights-india-fastest-growing-technology-hub-world Thestatesman.com, (2017), Impact of GST on car prices in India, Available from https://www.thestatesman.com/business/impact-of-gst-on-car-prices-in-india-1495437711.html/ [Accessed on 3 Aug 2017] Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited. Retrieved from https://amberton.mylifeblue.com/media/Syllabi/Fall%202014/Undergraduate/BUS4110_E1.pdf

The Birth Of The Western European Union Began Some 28 Years Essays

The birth of the Western European Union began some 28 years ago on May 6th 1955. However, this alliance was formed from the original Treaty of Dunkirk. The Treaty of Dunkirk was an Anglo-French alliance which was signed on March 4th 1947, when the two signatories agreed to give mutual support to each other should the event of renewed German aggression show it's face again. It was also to agree on a common action should either signatory be prejudiced by any failure of Germany to fulfil it's economic obligations which were enforced upon her by the allies at the end of WWII. The Treaty of Dunkirk was enhanced within only 12 months with the signing of The Brussels Treaty. This was a "Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Co-operation and Collective Self Defence" signed on March 17th 1948 by the countries of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and was implemented by the U.K. Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin. This new and enhanced Treaty of Dunkirk was to be given the name of the Brussels Treaty Organisation (B.T.O.). Among the aims of the treaty were the "strengthening of economic, social and cultural ties between the signatories, the co-ordination of efforts to create a firm basis for European economic recovery, and mutual assistance in maintaining international peace and security". Of the Brussels treaty two articles in particular need mentioning. Article 4 of treaty provided for " mutual assistance in maintaining international peace and security". While article 7 created a Consultative Council to discuss matters covered by the treaty. Over the coming years more talks were held on the formation of a European Defence Council, however these talks broke down and proved fruitless. A new set of talks were scheduled in the summer of 1954 to extend and amend the Brussels Treaty and proved much more successful, with the conclusion of the talks in London between September 28th and October 3rd. The "Paris Agreements" were signed in Paris on October 23rd 1954 by the nine conference powers which included representatives from Belgium, Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. Although some concern may be expressed at the inclusion of Germany as one of the representative states Protocol 1 of the Paris Agreement will explain this. Protocol I Amended the Brussels treaty of 1948 to permit the entry of the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy into the Treaty Organisation. The assistance in case of attack was extended to the two new entrants. The Consultative Council set up under the original treaty was given powers of decision and renamed the Council of Western European Union. On May 6th 1955 the Paris Agreements came into force and the expanded Brussels Treaty Organisation became the Western European Union. There are however three other protocols worth mentioning that were agreed upon within the Paris Agreements. Protocol II Laid down the maximum strength of land and air forces to be maintained in Europe at the disposal of Supreme Allied Commander of NATO by each of the member countries of the WEU in peace time. The contribution of naval forces to NATO by each of the WEU countries would be determined annually. Regular inspections would be held by the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, to ensure that the limits were observed. A special article recapitulated an undertaking by Britain not to withdraw or diminish her forces in Europe against the wishes of the majority of her partners. In 1957 Britain was given permission, by the WEU to withdraw some of her forces from the Federal Republic of Germany. Protocol III Embodied resolutions on the control of armaments on the European mainland. The Federal Republic of Germany was forbidden to manufacture atomic, biological or chemical weapons, and stocks of such weapons in other countries of continental Europe were to be strictly controlled. In addition, Germany undertook not to manufacture long-range and guided missiles, influence mines, warships and strategic bombers unless the competent NATO Supreme Commander should recommend any change in the ruling. Protocol IV Set up an agency for the Control of Armaments and defined its functions, these being mainly to enforce the provision of Protocol III. The German Build Up Within a short period of time due to the build up of the Warsaw pact it was felt that the Federal Republic of Germany would be unable to defend itself against possible aggression from the Russian dominated treaty, and that a number of arrangements would have to be made with regards to the increase in size of its forces. This would, it was believed enhance the

Free Essays on Abstract Art

Abstract Expressionism is a form of art (mainly painting) that developed after one of the most difficult periods in human history. This period began during the great depression in the 1930's and ended with the end of World War II in 1945. When the war ended, Germany, Italy and Japan had been defeated and much of Europe and Japan were in ruins. The human loss in the Nazi concentration camps had been exposed in all of its horror and the United States had dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, unleashing destructive power of an unprecedented nature. All of this, of course brought about a worldwide examination of basic human values and ethics and a period of dramatic change in art. Although both the Great Depression and World War II were great disasters, these events were important in forcing a number of the European avant-garde artists to flee Europe for the safety of the United States, where they influenced many younger American artists. It is difficult to know exactly how much this migration affected American art, but part of its impact was that for the first time, American artists became internationally recognized for their new vision and a new artistic vocabulary, all of which soon became known as Abstract Expressionism. These artists, like others earlier in the century, began to express their feelings and thoughts in abstract form. However, the difference here was that they expressed these abstract ideas and feelings with an energy that had never been seen before as they tried to find a means of putting their excitement, inner feelings and even torment into a concrete form. They also took artistic license to an extreme that had never been seen before; and in doing so, they redefined what could be considered art and artistic process.... Free Essays on Abstract Art Free Essays on Abstract Art Abstract Expressionism is a form of art (mainly painting) that developed after one of the most difficult periods in human history. This period began during the great depression in the 1930's and ended with the end of World War II in 1945. When the war ended, Germany, Italy and Japan had been defeated and much of Europe and Japan were in ruins. The human loss in the Nazi concentration camps had been exposed in all of its horror and the United States had dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, unleashing destructive power of an unprecedented nature. All of this, of course brought about a worldwide examination of basic human values and ethics and a period of dramatic change in art. Although both the Great Depression and World War II were great disasters, these events were important in forcing a number of the European avant-garde artists to flee Europe for the safety of the United States, where they influenced many younger American artists. It is difficult to know exactly how much this migration affected American art, but part of its impact was that for the first time, American artists became internationally recognized for their new vision and a new artistic vocabulary, all of which soon became known as Abstract Expressionism. These artists, like others earlier in the century, began to express their feelings and thoughts in abstract form. However, the difference here was that they expressed these abstract ideas and feelings with an energy that had never been seen before as they tried to find a means of putting their excitement, inner feelings and even torment into a concrete form. They also took artistic license to an extreme that had never been seen before; and in doing so, they redefined what could be considered art and artistic process....

Creating Delphi Components Dynamically (at run-time)

Creating Delphi Components Dynamically (at run-time) Most often when programming in Delphi you dont need to dynamically create a component. If you drop a component on a form, Delphi handles the component creation automatically when the form is created. This article will cover the correct way to programmatically create components at run-time. Dynamic Component Creation There are two ways to dynamically create components. One way is to make a form (or some other TComponent) the owner of the new component. This is a common practice when building composite components where a visual container creates and owns the subcomponents. Doing so will ensure that the newly-created component is destroyed when the owning component is destroyed. To create an instance (object) of a class, you call its Create method. The Create constructor is a class method, as opposed to virtually all other methods you’ll encounter in Delphi programming, which are object methods. For example, the TComponent declares the Create constructor as follows: constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent) ; virtual; Dynamic Creation with OwnersHeres an example of dynamic creation, where Self is a TComponent or TComponent descendant (e.g., an instance of a TForm): with TTimer.Create(Self) dobeginInterval : 1000;Enabled : False;OnTimer : MyTimerEventHandler;end; Dynamic Creation with an Explicit Call to FreeThe second way to create a component is to use nil as the owner. Note that if you do this, you must also explicitly free the object you create as soon as you no longer need it (or youll produce a memory leak). Heres an example of using nil as the owner: with TTable.Create(nil) dotryDataBaseName : MyAlias;TableName : MyTable;Open;Edit;FieldByName(Busy).AsBoolean : True;Post;finallyFree;end; Dynamic Creation and Object ReferencesIt is possible to enhance the two previous examples by assigning the result of the Create call to a variable local to the method or belonging to the class. This is often desirable when references to the component need to be used later, or when scoping problems potentially caused by With blocks need to be avoided. Heres the TTimer creation code from above, using a field variable as a reference to the instantiated TTimer object: FTimer : TTimer.Create(Self) ;with FTimer dobeginInterval : 1000;Enabled : False;OnTimer : MyInternalTimerEventHandler;end; In this example FTimer is a private field variable of the form or visual container (or whatever Self is). When accessing the FTimer variable from methods in this class, it is a very good idea to check to see if the reference is valid before using it. This is done using Delphis Assigned function: if Assigned(FTimer) then FTimer.Enabled : True; Dynamic Creation and Object References without OwnersA variation on this is to create the component with no owner, but maintain the reference for later destruction. The construction code for the TTimer would look like this: FTimer : TTimer.Create(nil) ;with FTimer dobegin...end; And the destruction code (presumably in the forms destructor) would look something like this: FTimer.Free;FTimer : nil;(*Or use FreeAndNil (FTimer) procedure, which frees an object reference and replaces the reference with nil.*) Setting the object reference to nil is critical when freeing objects. The call to Free first checks to see if the object reference is nil or not, and if it isnt, it calls the objects destructor Destroy. Dynamic Creation and Local Object References without Owners Heres the TTable creation code from above, using a local variable as a reference to the instantiated TTable object: localTable : TTable.Create(nil) ;trywith localTable dobeginDataBaseName : MyAlias;TableName : MyTable;end;...// Later, if we want to explicitly specify scope:localTable.Open;localTable.Edit;localTable.FieldByName(Busy).AsBoolean : True;localTable.Post;finallylocalTable.Free;localTable : nil;end; In the example above, localTable is a local variable declared in the same method containing this code. Note that after freeing any object, in general it is a very good idea to set the reference to nil. A Word of Warning IMPORTANT: Do not mix a call to Free with passing a valid owner to the constructor. All of the previous techniques will work and are valid, but the following should never occur in your code: with TTable.Create(self) dotry...finallyFree;end; The code example above introduces unnecessary performance hits, impacts memory slightly, and has the potential to introduce hard to find bugs. Find out why. Note: If a dynamically created component has an owner (specified by the AOwner parameter of the Create constructor), then that owner is responsible for destroying the component. Otherwise, you must explicitly call Free when you no longer need the component. Article originally written by Mark Miller A test program was created in Delphi to time the dynamic creation of 1000 components with varying initial component counts. The test program appears at the bottom of this page. The chart shows a set of results from the test program, comparing the time it takes to create components both with owners and without. Note that this is only a portion of the hit. A similar performance delay can be expected when destroying components. The time to dynamically create components with owners is 1200% to 107960% slower than that to create components without owners, depending on the number of components on the form and the component being created. The Test Program Warning: This test program does not track and free components that are created without owners. By not tracking and freeing these components, times measured for the dynamic creation code more accurately reflect the real time to dynamically create a component. Download Source Code Warning! If you want to dynamically instantiate a Delphi component and explicitly free it sometime later, always pass nil as the owner. Failure to do so can introduce unnecessary risk, as well as performance and code maintenance problems. Read the A warning on dynamically instantiating Delphi components article to learn more...

LSBM Research Project Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LSBM Research Project Report - Assignment Example ..............................................6 Research resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Implementation†¦...................................................................................................8 Data collection and analysis †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Report outline 1. Formulation of the research out line 2. Introduction and general background to (LSBM) 3. Identification of the research process 4. Body Identification off the student enrollment problems at (LSBM) Literature review of the possible reasons why (LSBM) has less students Writing a research proposal for the project Preparation of a timetable Matching resources to the different research questions Implementation of research Collection and recording of data Using the best evaluation techniques Interpretation and analysis of the data Recommendations 5. Conclusion Introduction I will begin this essay by looking at how the general plan and strategies of the marketing department is affecting the student population of the school. Being at the centre of London, and having a well financed marketing department, LSBM is expected to have the h ighest number of students who come seeking education in the school. However this is not always the case. Our main question in this essay is to find out if indeed there is a way that the plan and the general strategies of the marketing departments have influenced the student population of the school. What are some of the actions that the school can take to improve the student population in the school and to try to keep the existing students in the school. If there is a problem with the marketing department and their overall marketing strategies, what are some of the things that should be done to help improve their general performance to the school. Different methodologies have been used in this research to collect data and to find out how this data relates with the research question. Research process Marketing process, involves the systematic identification, collection distribution and analysis of data for the purpose of knowing the problem and coming up with a solution. The timing f or performing this research is perfect and we will use quantitative marketing research to come up with the general research methodology and strategy. The strategies that are used here are mostly quantitative since most of the data that we use here is numerical. Factors determining the research project There are lots of influential factors which determine the type of research project to be selected. The main influential factor however is the relevance of the topic of the research paper. A research paper with a more relevant topic has high chances of being selected as compared to a research paper whose topic is completely irrelevant. To know how relevant the topic of a research is, you need to look deeply into the issues which are discussed in the research proposal. If the issues are genuine, then the research qualifies to be chosen. In our case here the most influential factor that has led to the research proj

Visiting Getty Vila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visiting Getty Vila - Essay Example To her right is an image of the man who seems to be placing something in the bowel held by the woman in her left hand. This woman is naked at the top and she is standing in an attractive stance. Her hair is plaited and her naked chest exposing her breasts is emblazoned with a necklace showing flowers. In the left corner of the plaque, it can also be seen that there are different ornaments placed on what looks like a round table. The vessels are of different shapes and they seem to represent different types of treasure. Upon closer analysis of the plaque, it can be seen that it is designed from an outdoor setting. It seems there is a large tree branch stretching from the upper left corner of the plaque through to the right. Again, I noticed that the child depicted in the portrait is holding a ball in his left hand. He is also standing on a rectangular box probably used to store different types of wealth. The bowel held by the women in her left hand is used to collect different types of treasure which will be stored in a safe place later on. To a larger extent, I believe this piece of art was superbly designed. During the ancient period, silver was used to design different types of treasure. This precious mineral was smelted and designed into different shapes depicting different types of artifacts. Even up to date, I believe that silver is still regarded as one of the most precious minerals found across the globe. It symbolizes wealth and the more silver one had in procession, the wealthier they are considered. In my own opinion, I think this piece of art is authentic in that even up to date, silver is still used to measure the level of wealth possessed by a certain individual or group. This plaque seemed to have been developed during ancient period when there were still little technological developments that could be used to smelt this mineral. It seems that the people who lived during this period were technologically advanced such that they

Consider the development Essay Example for Free

Consider the development Essay The word sonnet is the English translation of the Italian word sonetto, a little sound or song. A sonnet is a poem consisting of fourteen lines, ten syllables in English and Italian and generally twelve in French. There are three basic sonnet forms, the Petrarchan, which is an eight lined and a six lined (octave and sestet) sonnet with no rhyming couplet; the Spenserian, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet; finally the Shakespearian, consisting of three quatrains (four lines) and a couplet. There are different styles of sonnets all over the world. For example, France has its own unique structure that their sonneteers write in and the same with other countries. With all these different countries having different styles of writing that also means there are also different rhyming schemes. Reading sonnets is a great way of learning about different cultural aspects of life; for example during the seventeenth century the central theme of most sonnets was religion. During this time it gave people a great opportunity to learn about many different religions. The use of enjambment occurs in many sonnets. Enjambment is the running on of the thought from one line, couplet, or stanza to the next without a syntactical break The first sonneteer was Italian, his name was Francesco Petrarch. He was famous for a collection of Italian lyrics which include a long series of love poems. Petrarch wrote his poems about a lady called Laura, whom he met in a church. Laura became the central theme of his poetry. In total Petrarch wrote three hundred and sixty five sonnets. Petrarchs poems were meant to convey his love and devotion to the love of his life Laura. Sonnets moved to England in the sixteenth century. The seventeenth century saw the theme of sonnets change from love to religion. Donne is a good example of a sonneteer of religion. For two-hundred years a minute amount of sonnets were written. This was because they fell out of fashion. However during the nineteenth century sonneteers began to write about the theme of the natural world. William Wordsworth wrote poems such as Composed upon Westminster Bridge. War poetry became popular during the time of 1914-1918. This was because The First World War was happening at the time. War was on everybodys mind. The Poetry was read to the soldiers going off to war to motivate and encourage the soldiers to fight for their families and country. The poem Shall I Compare Thee written by William Shakespeare is about an unknown woman that Shakespeare compares to a summers day as summer is a picturesque time of year. The poem is written in the Shakespearian form. In the second line Shakespeare writes Thou art more lovely and more temperate This quotation informs the reader that although she cannot be compared to a summers day as she is more than the beauty of summer. Shakespeare writes Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Mai, this quotation is about the winds of summer; Shakespeare describes them as a type of rage. The woman could never be like summer as she is kind and caring. At the conclusion of the poem, (the rhyming couplet) Shakespeare writes So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. This quotation informs the reader that she may die. However she will stay alive through the poem. The poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge written in 1802 by William Wordsworth is about Wordsworth love of natural world and the city of London. The first line of the sonnet reads Earth has not anything to show more fair. In this quotation Wordsworth is sitting on Westminster Bridge looking across the beautiful city of London and is besotted with the picturesque view and feels the world has nothing to compare to it. William Wordsworth writes All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. This quotation informs the reader of the beautiful sunrise and how it glitters across the city. Wordsworth writes The river glideth at his own sweet will. This quotation means that the Thames has many bends on its path through the city of London and has not got a straight journey like other rivers. Wordsworth metaphorically states that the river glides freely. This sonnet is very popular and was voted 24th most popular poem in 1998. The mood of the sonnet is uplifting. The poem Death be not proud written by John Donne is about Donnes personal interpretation of death. John Donne does not fear death; he does not see it as a bad aspect in life. Donne writes Death, be not proud, though some have called thee mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. This quotation informs the reader that some people may find death an awful, petrifying experience; however it is not, death is a new beginning. Donne writes Thourt slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men, and dost with poison, war and sickness dwell. This quotation informs the reader that in life bad things will happen such as diseases and devastation. The mood of this poem is low key and dark. Donne writes One short sleep past, we wake eternally. This quotation informs the reader that after death our souls go to heaven and we awake eternally. John Donne was born in 1572 and died in 1631 at the age of 59. During Donnes lifetime this would have been considered an old age to die. There was a short life expectancy during this period because of all the disease and drug taking. The poem Peace written by Rupert Brooke is a war poem and it appealed to readers in the First World War as it informs them why their loved ones died in battle. Brooke was a very popular sonneteer as his poems would get the soldiers pumped up and ready for the gruesome activity that is war. Brooke encouraged people to be patriotic, to fight for their country and beliefs. Brook writes Leave the sick hearts that honour could move. This quotation conveys the fact that there are masses of casualties in a war just as there were in World War One. The sonnet The Vanity of his Passion written by Petrarch is addressed to his love, Laura. However he feels unreciprocated love. This could be for two reasons. Laura only exists in his mind or she is out of his league and could never fall in love with him. The sonnet is written in the first person; this is because Petrarch is expressing his love to Laura (There is a direct address to the lady). Petrarch uses many abstract nouns in his writing; he uses two in the title, vanity and passion. The reason for Petrarch using several abstract nouns is that it reflects the abstract nature of his love. Petrarch writes Throughout my song, by hopes and vain griefs bed; this quotation means that Petrarch recognises that he was vain ever to believe that she might ever love him. When Petrarch was younger he thought he was in love; he now realises what it means to be in passion drowned; Petrarch writes That worldly pleasure is a passing dream. This quotation informs that the love is short and cant last. His love is like a dream. The mood of the poem is very desolate as Petrarch wants something he is unable to achieve. In conclusion the central sonnet theme has not changed in hundreds of years, many are still written today. As time has progressed different forms have been introduced such as the Spenserian and the Shakespearian. My favourite sonnet is Shall I compare thee because Shakespeare uses many descriptive language associated with summer and his mysterious woman, this shows the depth of his love for her.

Emily Dickinson on the Addictive Process Essay -- Emily Dickinson Auth

Emily Dickinson on the Addictive Process Awareness of Emily Dickinson has grown and deepened over the course of the twentieth century such that the "delightful" andplatitude-laden verses, as they were initially viewed, have provento be rich, often ironic, highly complex explorations of one poet'ssubjectivity. Dickinson's poetry today challenges us to confrontaspects of our own inner processes in relation to psychologicalpain, death, the world and possible -- though not undoubted --transcendence of it, and frustrated desire, to name just a few ofthe themes. The emergence of discourse on addictions, both tosubstances and to modes of behavior, gives us a framework in whichwe can newly assess one of Dickinson's poems, and even though thepoet's particular life circumstances -- involving the influence ofPuritanism, which would also affect Dickinson's contemporariesHerman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne, the limitations placed onwomen in nineteenth-century America in general, and EmilyDickinson's own self-limiting reclusive exist ence -- differ fromour late-twentieth-century circumstances, nonetheless Dickinson'spoetry presents the overall shape of the subjective process underlying addiction in such an abstract form, that the work inquestion speaks to us directly over a century later. The circumstances alluded to above brought the poet into a situation in which she was caught between the desire to communicate her reflections on life -- she sent poems as both letters and aesthetic objects with illustrations of a collage character to friends -- and the distrust of worldly success and fame proceeding from the Puritanical tradition embodied in the writings of the eighteenth-century preacher Jonathan Edwards. Whereas a later --and ma... ...mith, Barbara Herrnstein. Poetic Closure: A Study of HowPoems End. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1968. Turner, Clara Newman. "My Personal Acquaintance with Emily Dickinson" in Sewall, Richard B., The Life of EmilyDickinson vol. 1. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux,1974. Van Wyck, William. "Emily Dickinson's Songs out of Sorrow." Personalist, 18, no.2 (Spring/April 1937), 183-89. Webster, Noah. A Dictionary of the English Language...inTwo Volumes. London: Black, Young, and Young, 1828. An American Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage...Revised and Enlarged by Chauncey Goodrich. Springfield: Merriam, 1855. Whicher, George Frisbie. "New England Poet" in Mornings at8:50. Northampton: The Hampshire Bookshop, 1950. This Was a Poet: A Critical Biography of EmilyDickinson. New York: Scribner's, 1938. Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. Emily Dickinson. New York:Knopf, 1986.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirteen

Tyrion The north went on forever. Tyrion Lannister knew the maps as well as anyone, but a fortnight on the wild track that passed for the kingsroad up here had brought home the lesson that the map was one thing and the land quite another. They had left Winterfell on the same day as the king, amidst all the commotion of the royal departure, riding out to the sound of men shouting and horses snorting, to the rattle of wagons and the groaning of the queen's huge wheelhouse, as a light snow flurried about them. The kingsroad was just beyond the sprawl of castle and town. There the banners and the wagons and the columns of knights and freeriders turned south, taking the tumult with them, while Tyrion turned north with Benjen Stark and his nephew. It had grown colder after that, and far more quiet. West of the road were flint hills, grey and rugged, with tall watchtowers on their stony summits. To the east the land was lower, the ground flattening to a rolling plain that stretched away as far as the eye could see. Stone bridges spanned swift, narrow rivers, while small farms spread in rings around holdfasts walled in wood and stone. The road was well trafficked, and at night for their comfort there were rude inns to be found. Three days ride from Winterfell, however, the farmland gave way to dense wood, and the kingsroad grew lonely. The flint hills rose higher and wilder with each passing mile, until by the fifth day they had turned into mountains, cold blue-grey giants with jagged promontories and snow on their shoulders. When the wind blew from the north, long plumes of ice crystals flew from the high peaks like banners. With the mountains a wall to the west, the road veered north by northeast through the wood, a forest of oak and evergreen and black brier that seemed older and darker than any Tyrion had ever seen. â€Å"The wolfswood,† Benjen Stark called it, and indeed their nights came alive with the howls of distant packs, and some not so distant. Jon Snow's albino direwolf pricked up his ears at the nightly howling, but never raised his own voice in reply. There was something very unsettling about that animal, Tyrion thought. There were eight in the party by then, not counting the wolf. Tyrion traveled with two of his own men, as befit a Lannister. Benjen Stark had only his bastard nephew and some fresh mounts for the Night's Watch, but at the edge of the wolfswood they stayed a night behind the wooden walls of a forest holdfast, and there joined up with another of the black brothers, one Yoren. Yoren was stooped and sinister, his features hidden behind a beard as black as his clothing, but he seemed as tough as an old root and as hard as stone. With him were a pair of ragged peasant boys from the Fingers. â€Å"Rapers,† Yoren said with a cold look at his charges. Tyrion understood. Life on the Wall was said to be hard, but no doubt it was preferable to castration. Five men, three boys, a direwolf, twenty horses, and a cage of ravens given over to Benjen Stark by Maester Luwin. No doubt they made a curious fellowship for the kingsroad, or any road. Tyrion noticed Jon Snow watching Yoren and his sullen companions, with an odd cast to his face that looked uncomfortably like dismay. Yoren had a twisted shoulder and a sour smell, his hair and beard were matted and greasy and full of lice, his clothing old, patched, and seldom washed. His two young recruits smelled even worse, and seemed as stupid as they were cruel. No doubt the boy had made the mistake of thinking that the Night's Watch was made up of men like his uncle. If so, Yoren and his companions were a rude awakening. Tyrion felt sorry for the boy. He had chosen a hard life . . . or perhaps he should say that a hard life had been chosen for him. He had rather less sympathy for the uncle. Benjen Stark seemed to share his brother's distaste for Lannisters, and he had not been pleased when Tyrion had told him of his intentions. â€Å"I warn you, Lannister, you'll find no inns at the Wall,† he had said, looking down on him. â€Å"No doubt you'll find some place to put me,† Tyrion had replied. â€Å"As you might have noticed, I'm small.† One did not say no to the queen's brother, of course, so that had settled the matter, but Stark had not been happy. â€Å"You will not like the ride, I promise you that,† he'd said curtly, and since the moment they set out, he had done all he could to live up to that promise. By the end of the first week, Tyrion's thighs were raw from hard riding, his legs were cramping badly, and he was chilled to the bone. He did not complain. He was damned if he would give Benjen Stark that satisfaction. He took a small revenge in the matter of his riding fur, a tattered bearskin, old and musty-smelling. Stark had offered it to him in an excess of Night's Watch gallantry, no doubt expecting him to graciously decline. Tyrion had accepted with a smile. He had brought his warmest clothing with him when they rode out of Winterfell, and soon discovered that it was nowhere near warm enough. It was cold up here, and growing colder. The nights were well below freezing now, and when the wind blew it was like a knife cutting right through his warmest woolens. By now Stark was no doubt regretting his chivalrous impulse. Perhaps he had learned a lesson. The Lannisters never declined, graciously or otherwise. The Lannisters took what was offered. Farms and holdfasts grew scarcer and smaller as they pressed northward, ever deeper into the darkness of the wolfswood, until finally there were no more roofs to shelter under, and they were thrown back on their own resources. Tyrion was never much use in making a camp or breaking one. Too small, too hobbled, too in-the-way. So while Stark and Yoren and the other men erected rude shelters, tended the horses, and built a fire, it became his custom to take his fur and a wineskin and go off by himself to read. On the eighteenth night of their journey, the wine was a rare sweet amber from the Summer Isles that he had brought all the way north from Casterly Rock, and the book a rumination on the history and properties of dragons. With Lord Eddard Stark's permission, Tyrion had borrowed a few rare volumes from the Winterfell library and packed them for the ride north. He found a comfortable spot just beyond the noise of the camp, beside a swift-running stream with waters clear and cold as ice. A grotesquely ancient oak provided shelter from the biting wind. Tyrion curled up in his fur with his back against the trunk, took a sip of the wine, and began to read about the properties of dragonbone. Dragonbone is black because of its high iron content, the book told him. It is strong as steel, yet lighter and far more flexible, and of course utterly impervious to fire. Dragonbone bows are greatly prized by the Dothraki, and small wonder. An archer so armed can outrange any wooden bow. Tyrion had a morbid fascination with dragons. When he had first come to King's Landing for his sister's wedding to Robert Baratheon, he had made it a point to seek out the dragon skulls that had hung on the walls of Targaryen's throne room. King Robert had replaced them with banners and tapestries, but Tyrion had persisted until he found the skulls in the dank cellar where they had been stored. He had expected to find them impressive, perhaps even frightening. He had not thought to find them beautiful. Yet they were. As black as onyx, polished smooth, so the bone seemed to shimmer in the light of his torch. They liked the fire, he sensed. He'd thrust the torch into the mouth of one of the larger skulls and made the shadows leap and dance on the wall behind him. The teeth were long, curving knives of black diamond. The flame of the torch was nothing to them; they had bathed in the heat of far greater fires. When he had moved away, Tyrion could have sworn that the beast's empty eye sockets had watched him go. There were nineteen skulls. The oldest was more than three thousand years old; the youngest a mere century and a half. The most recent were also the smallest; a matched pair no bigger than mastiff's skulls, and oddly misshapen, all that remained of the last two hatchlings born on Dragonstone. They were the last of the Targaryen dragons, perhaps the last dragons anywhere, and they had not lived very long. From there the skulls ranged upward in size to the three great monsters of song and story, the dragons that Aegon Targaryen and his sisters had unleashed on the Seven Kingdoms of old. The singers had given them the names of gods: Balerion, Meraxes, Vhaghar. Tyrion had stood between their gaping jaws, wordless and awed. You could have ridden a horse down Vhaghar's gullet, although you would not have ridden it out again. Meraxes was even bigger. And the greatest of them, Balerion, the Black Dread, could have swallowed an aurochs whole, or even one of the hairy mammoths said to roam the cold wastes beyond the Port of Ibben. Tyrion stood in that dank cellar for a long time, staring at Balerion's huge, empty-eyed skull until his torch burned low, trying to grasp the size of the living animal, to imagine how it must have looked when it spread its great black wings and swept across the skies, breathing fire. His own remote ancestor, King Loren of the Rock, had tried to stand against the fire when he joined with King Mern of the Reach to oppose the Targaryen conquest. That was close on three hundred years ago, when the Seven Kingdoms were kingdoms, and not mere provinces of a greater realm. Between them, the Two Kings had six hundred banners flying, five thousand mounted knights, and ten times as many freeriders and men-at-arms. Aegon Dragonlord had perhaps a fifth that number, the chroniclers said, and most of those were conscripts from the ranks of the last king he had slain, their loyalties uncertain. The hosts met on the broad plains of the Reach, amidst golden fields of wheat ripe for harvest. When the Two Kings charged, the Targaryen army shivered and shattered and began to run. For a few moments, the chroniclers wrote, the conquest was at an end . . . but only for those few moments, before Aegon Targaryen and his sisters joined the battle. It was the only time that Vhaghar, Meraxes, and Balerion were all unleashed at once. The singers called it the Field of Fire. Near four thousand men had burned that day, among them King Mern of the Reach. King Loren had escaped, and lived long enough to surrender, pledge his fealty to the Targaryens, and beget a son, for which Tyrion was duly grateful. â€Å"Why do you read so much?† Tyrion looked up at the sound of the voice. Jon Snow was standing a few feet away, regarding him curiously. He closed the book on a finger and said, â€Å"Look at me and tell me what you see.† The boy looked at him suspiciously. â€Å"Is this some kind of trick? I see you. Tyrion Lannister.† Tyrion sighed. â€Å"You are remarkably polite for a bastard, Snow. What you see is a dwarf. You are what, twelve?† â€Å"Fourteen,† the boy said. â€Å"Fourteen, and you're taller than I will ever be. My legs are short and twisted, and I walk with difficulty. I require a special saddle to keep from falling off my horse. A saddle of my own design, you may be interested to know. It was either that or ride a pony. My arms are strong enough, but again, too short. I will never make a swordsman. Had I been born a peasant, they might have left me out to die, or sold me to some slaver's grotesquerie. Alas, I was born a Lannister of Casterly Rock, and the grotesqueries are all the poorer. Things are expected of me. My father was the Hand of the King for twenty years. My brother later killed that very same king, as it turns out, but life is full of these little ironies. My sister married the new king and my repulsive nephew will be king after him. I must do my part for the honor of my House, wouldn't you agree? Yet how? Well, my legs may be too small for my body, but my head is too large, although I prefer to think it is just large eno ugh for my mind. I have a realistic grasp of my own strengths and weaknesses. My mind is my weapon. My brother has his sword, King Robert has his warhammer, and I have my mind . . . and a mind needs books as a sword needs a whetstone, if it is to keep its edge.† Tyrion tapped the leather cover of the book. â€Å"That's why I read so much, Jon Snow.† The boy absorbed that all in silence. He had the Stark face if not the name: long, solemn, guarded, a face that gave nothing away. Whoever his mother had been, she had left little of herself in her son. â€Å"What are you reading about?† he asked. â€Å"Dragons,† Tyrion told him. â€Å"What good is that? There are no more dragons,† the boy said with the easy certainty of youth. â€Å"So they say,† Tyrion replied. â€Å"Sad, isn't it? When I was your age, used to dream of having a dragon of my own.† â€Å"You did?† the boy said suspiciously. Perhaps he thought Tyrion was making fun of him. â€Å"Oh, yes. Even a stunted, twisted, ugly little boy can look down over the world when he's seated on a dragon's back.† Tyrion pushed the bearskin aside and climbed to his feet. â€Å"I used to start fires in the bowels of Casterly Rock and stare at the flames for hours, pretending they were dragonfire. Sometimes I'd imagine my father burning. At other times, my sister.† Jon Snow was staring at him, a look equal parts horror and fascination. Tyrion guffawed. â€Å"Don't look at me that way, bastard. I know your secret. You've dreamt the same kind of dreams.† â€Å"No,† Jon Snow said, horrified. â€Å"I wouldn't . . . â€Å" â€Å"No? Never?† Tyrion raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Well, no doubt the Starks have been terribly good to you. I'm certain Lady Stark treats you as if you were one of her own. And your brother Robb, he's always been kind, and why not? He gets Winterfell and you get the Wall. And your father . . . he must have good reasons for packing you off to the Night's Watch . . . â€Å" â€Å"Stop it,† Jon Snow said, his face dark with anger. â€Å"The Night's Watch is a noble calling!† Tyrion laughed. â€Å"You're too smart to believe that. The Night's Watch is a midden heap for all the misfits of the realm. I've seen you looking at Yoren and his boys. Those are your new brothers, Jon Snow, how do you like them? Sullen peasants, debtors, poachers, rapers, thieves, and bastards like you all wind up on the Wall, watching for grumkins and snarks and all the other monsters your wet nurse warned you about. The good part is there are no grumkins or snarks, so it's scarcely dangerous work. The bad part is you freeze your balls off, but since you're not allowed to breed anyway, I don't suppose that matters.† â€Å"Stop it!† the boy screamed. He took a step forward, his hands coiling into fists, close to tears. Suddenly, absurdly, Tyrion felt guilty. He took a step forward, intending to give the boy a reassuring pat on the shoulder or mutter some word of apology. He never saw the wolf, where it was or how it came at him. One moment he was walking toward Snow and the next he was flat on his back on the hard rocky ground, the book spinning away from him as he fell, the breath going out of him at the sudden impact, his mouth full of dirt and blood and rotting leaves. As he tried to get up, his back spasmed painfully. He must have wrenched it in the fall. He ground his teeth in frustration, grabbed a root, and pulled himself back to a sitting position. â€Å"Help me,† he said to the boy, reaching up a hand. And suddenly the wolf was between them. He did not growl. The damned thing never made a sound. He only looked at him with those bright red eyes, and showed him his teeth, and that was more than enough. Tyrion sagged back to the ground with a grunt. â€Å"Don't help me, then. I'll sit right here until you leave.† Jon Snow stroked Ghost's thick white fur, smiling now. â€Å"Ask me nicely.† Tyrion Lannister felt the anger coiling inside him, and crushed it out with a will. It was not the first time in his life he had been humiliated, and it would not be the last. Perhaps he even deserved this. â€Å"I should be very grateful for your kind assistance, Jon,† he said mildly. â€Å"Down, Ghost,† the boy said. The direwolf sat on his haunches. Those red eyes never left Tyrion. Jon came around behind him, slid his hands under his arms, and lifted him easily to his feet. Then he picked up the book and handed it back. â€Å"Why did he attack me?† Tyrion asked with a sidelong glance at the direwolf. He wiped blood and dirt from his mouth with the back of his hand. â€Å"Maybe he thought you were a grumkin.† Tyrion glanced at him sharply. Then he laughed, a raw snort of amusement that came bursting out through his nose entirely without his permission. â€Å"Oh, gods,† he said, choking on his laughter and shaking his head, â€Å"I suppose I do rather look like a grumkin. What does he do to snarks?† â€Å"You don't want to know.† Jon picked up the wineskin and handed it to Tyrion. Tyrion pulled out the stopper, tilted his head, and squeezed a long stream into his mouth. The wine was cool fire as it trickled down his throat and warmed his belly. He held out the skin to Jon Snow. â€Å"Want some?† The boy took the skin and tried a cautious swallow. â€Å"It's true, isn't it?† he said when he was done. â€Å"What you said about the Night's Watch.† Tyrion nodded. Jon Snow set his mouth in a grim line. â€Å"If that's what it is, that's what it is.† Tyrion grinned at him. â€Å"That's good, bastard. Most men would rather deny a hard truth than face it.† â€Å"Most men,† the boy said. â€Å"But not you.† â€Å"No,† Tyrion admitted, â€Å"not me. I seldom even dream of dragons anymore. There are no dragons.† He scooped up the fallen bearskin. â€Å"Come, we had better return to camp before your uncle calls the banners.† The walk was short, but the ground was rough underfoot and his legs were cramping badly by the time they got back. Jon Snow offered a hand to help him over a thick tangle of roots, but Tyrion shook him off. He would make his own way, as he had all his life. Still, the camp was a welcome sight. The shelters had been thrown up against the tumbledown wall of a long-abandoned holdfast, a shield against the wind. The horses had been fed and a fire had been laid. Yoren sat on a stone, skinning a squirrel. The savory smell of stew filled Tyrion's nostrils. He dragged himself over to where his man Morrec was tending the stewpot. Wordlessly, Morrec handed him the ladle. Tyrion tasted and handed it back. â€Å"More pepper,† he said. Benjen Stark emerged from the shelter he shared with his nephew. â€Å"There you are. Jon, damn it, don't go off like that by yourself. I thought the Others had gotten you.† â€Å"It was the grumkins,† Tyrion told him, laughing. Jon Snow smiled. Stark shot a baffled look at Yoren. The old man grunted, shrugged, and went back to his bloody work. The squirrel gave some body to the stew, and they ate it with black bread and hard cheese that night around their fire. Tyrion shared around his skin of wine until even Yoren grew mellow. One by one the company drifted off to their shelters and to sleep, all but Jon Snow, who had drawn the night's first watch. Tyrion was the last to retire, as always. As he stepped into the shelter his men had built for him, he paused and looked back at Jon Snow. The boy stood near the fire, his face still and hard, looking deep into the flames. Tyrion Lannister smiled sadly and went to bed.

Evaluation of personl learning Essay

An evaluation of my personal learning plan along with comments on how I plan to update my subject specialist knowledge, generic knowledge of teaching and learning, using examples from my practice and discussing the part my mentor played in my development. Introduction The aim of this assignment is to show how my key learning points from my personal learning plan have been put into practice and to evaluate these, examples from my practice will also be used. I will explain how I plan to update not only my subject specialist knowledge but also my generic knowledge of teaching and learning. I plan to also explain and discuss the part my mentor has played in my development over the two years of cert Ed qualification. Having a personal learning plan is a great way of setting out your future objective, aims and goals. Having goals to head for gives you motivation and direction and also builds on confidence and self esteem. However it is a good idea to plan your own personal learning plan, when you plan your own programme, it is more likely to be relevant to your needs and be able to be applied, and be related to, your teaching. This, then, is more likely to give you motivation for your learning (Reece & Walker 2003 pg 400). I plan to review and update my own personal learning plan every six months. However my personal learning is also discussed in my supervisions at work which I have every three months, this enables me to discuss any knowledge I myself wish to update and also any training my manager feels I would benefit from. I feel this is good support to involve my personal learning plan within my supervision, it also shows management that I am committed and taking control of my own learning. My personal learning plan consists of three main areas these are. Subject specialist development This is the subject that I teach this includes my practical and theory work. Generic teaching development This is schemes of work and lesson plans how I use differentiation and assessment, along with assignments and research etc. Skills development This is my literacy, numeracy and ICT skills. My subject specialist area has a variety of subject sessions these are induction, food hygiene awareness, health and safety, individual service planning (ISP), swallowing disorders, manual handling, infection control and first aid I do continuous refreshers on all sessions within the organisation how ever I do also carry out independent reading and research of individual subjects to keep my self updated. Especially on change that relate to any regulations that have an impact on my training sessions. There have been two key personal learning development areas in my subject specialist area the first being ISP training. This training session has had a complete overhaul to how it is to be delivered which has involved a lot of changes to the ISP itself, example how these are set up and completed. For me to deliver this training to my learners I needed to attend a two day training session myself. The sessions involved theory and practical learning giving me the knowledge and the skills to enable me to deliver a practical session to my learners. Example when doing this session my learners will not be just listening and getting involved in group discussions they will be involved in an ongoing practical, At their best, practical’s are an enjoyable and active hands on experience. At their worst they are frustrating episodes where not even the teacher knows what is supposed to be happening (Petty 2004 pg 204). So any practical should be well planned. My learners will be put into pairs one will be the service user and the other the key worker. They will then be given a number of activities to follow. Using this method they will build and complete an ISP, learners are able to swap roles through out so each learner gets to play each role. I have delivered this training session this way on many occasions now and it is working well, learners are enjoying and putting into practice what they have learnt well, this is evident when looking at ISP, s that they have completed. My second key learning point in my subject specialist area is first aid training. I was unable to deliver this session as I did not have the knowledge and qualification to do this. I  attended a two day emergency first aid course down Lincoln through NUCO training, having attended this training I now have the confidence and subject knowledge to be able to deliver this to my learners. The training consisted of two presentations showing the teacher my understanding of the subject and showing I was able to present, I was also assessed on practical exercises through out the two days, example resuscitation procedure, choking procedure, and the procedure in the event of an emergency situation example car accident. This training was very challenging and intense however it has given me the skills to develop an effective training session for my learners. I have two sessions planned to deliver in July. Having being successful in this training I am also able to go and assess other first aid trainers. I plan to update my subject specialist knowledge continuously I will do this by attending refresher training sessions. I am also a member of the Institute for learning where you have to prove you have so many hours of continuous professional development. I also plan to use E-learning within the organisation for any relevant training sessions, along with my independent learning through reading and research on the internet. My generic knowledge of teaching and learning has developed well through out my two years on cert Ed, my skills in lesson planning have developed immensely and I put these into practice on a regular basis. My delivery methods have progressed and become a lot more interactive for my learners, by bringing in differentiation and inclusive learning example hand washing exercise I use a power point slide to show a picture of hands with bacteria on, we have a discussion on hands, show learners how to wash hands correctly, we then do a hands washing exercise covering visual, audio and kinaesthetic learning styles. My assignments now have structure and flow throughout, my spelling and punctuation has also improved, this has been managed through hard work and practice of proof reading which is a skill in its self, a skill that can always be developed further through practice and gathering information from books and the internet. I plan to update my generic knowledge of teaching and learning through independent learning by using the internet and reading books, also the E-learning that the organisation encourage us to use have some useful courses on punctuation, organisation skills, planning skills, assessing and evaluation etc which I  plan to look at using in the future. I am also attending mentoring training at the end of May which I feel will be beneficial to myself and my learners. My skills development have improved over my two years in cert end, in the first year of cert ed my personal learning plan identified my need to achieve level two in both English and maths. I have now achieved both qualifications and in particular benefited greatly from the English this has helped me with my assignments, writing letters, creating handouts for my training sessions and knowing and understanding where a sentence begins and ends along with why we have and need to use punctuation. I did have the basic knowledge of English language but did require further development and knowledge. By attending key skills level two has developed this knowledge which has enabled me to progress in this area of my personal learning. However I do believe I will benefit from further development in this area and plan to progress onto key skills level three English once I have completed my cert ed year two. My ict skills have improved this is through daily use of a laptop and also attending a two day training course through the organisation. The course consisted of two modules first module was an introduction to IT & file management, this module developed my personal learning in areas such as using windows XP, explain the use of options within my computer, being aware of the principals of using my documents, be able to create, change, delete and move files and folders and identify how and when to back data up. Module two outlook & internet/intranet this module has developed my personal learning in areas such as accessing E-learning and being aware of its potential, organising and accessing personal files and to become more familiar with the intranet within the organisation and how to use it effectively. I have also had a small session on the use of power point which has been beneficial to me as within my job role, as at times I am required to put a power point presentation together. I plan to update my ict skills by attending a further two modules which will be organised through the organisation hopefully in the coming year. I also believe everyday use will enhance my skills. I also plan to do a more intense session on power point in the near future. Through my two years of cert Ed I have had a mentor. Mentoring is a  relationship between mentor and mentee that encourages growth and development in a respectful and collegial environment (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000). The mentoring relationship may be an informal arrangement that happens naturally, or a formal relationship that is organised within the work organisation (Rose, 2005). My job role as training and development officer was a new post for me in 2007 and it was my manager who suggested that I enrol onto the cert Ed course rather than training and development NVQ4. She felt that I would gain more from this course and it would equip me with the knowledge and confidence to carry my duties out competently. As my manager is an experienced trainer herself it made sense for her to also be my mentor as she had faith in me from the very beginning of my training. A mentoring relationship tends to be long term that can be entered into at any stage of one’s career (Northcott , 2000). This statement has been true in my case. The relationship I have with my mentor is a good one she has been supportive through out especially when it has come to bringing in new ideas for training sessions in fact she has used some of the ideas herself. The process has always been a two way process. My mentor has not been their to tell me what to do, she has guided, encouraged, supported, provided information and most of all always listened, especially in moments when I have thought this whole thing is too much for me. Through out my observations my mentor has been encouraging and made feel at ease as she knew how nervous I was on these occasions, feed back from observations were always positive and any development points were always taken on board. My mentor has recognised some skills in me that I never realised I had along with helping me developing these skills. Example a year ago my mentor asked me if I would like to do a course that would enable me to deliver first aid training to my learners, so I would not need to sen d them out externally for this training. I explained to my mentor that I was not keen on doing this and felt that this was a course that qualified nurses should do. My mentor did not try to push or persuade me into doing this even though it would save the organisation money. I have just done this course last month and it was me who approached my manager/mentor, I really enjoyed it and I am looking forward to delivering it to my learners. It is amazing what a year can do to some ones confidence and self esteem. If my manager/mentor had made me do this when she wanted me to do it I would not have developed in that area or  enjoyed it. My mentor has always allowed me to do things at my own pace and has a great understanding of how we as individuals learn at different levels and pace. I feel this is a good quality to have when being a mentor. Looking back it was a excellent suggestion from my manager/mentor for me to enrol onto the cert ed, over the two years I feel I have grown not only in confidence but in both the theory and the practical side of my teaching and learning. It has been a privilege to have had a mentor who has guided, supported, encouraged and listened through out the two year process. How ever it does not end there as she is also my manager she will be there for the future too. Conclusion For us to further ourselves I feel it is essential to have objectives, aims and goals. I feel if we do not things do not get done so our goals do not get met. We may have goals in our heads but if they are not planned they tend not to be achieved. For me a personal learning plan is the way forward we can then tick of the goals we have achieved and plan for new goals in the future. Looking back two years ago I would never have dreamt that I would have achieved what I have achieved today, I believe this has been achieved through good planning, good support and hard work by myself. Learning is an ongoing process and I look forward to many more years of teaching and learning. http://sarah-stewart.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-mentoring.html retrieved 09/05/2009 Petty,G 2004, A practical guide teaching today, 3rd edn, Nelson Thornes, United Kingdom. Reece, I & Walker, S 2003, Teaching, Training and learning a practical guide, 5th edn, Business Education Publishers Limited, Great Briton. http://sarah-stewart.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-mentoring.html retrieved 09/05/2009 Petty,G 2004, A practical guide teaching today, 3rd edn, Nelson Thornes, United Kingdom. Reece, I & Walker, S 2003, Teaching, Training and learning a practical guide, 5th edn, Business Education Publishers Limited, Great Briton.

When the Review Tops the Book

When the Review Tops the Book When the Review Tops the Book When the Review Tops the Book By Daniel Scocco Some time ago one of our readers sent me a link to a brilliantly written book review, interestingly enough about a shockingly bad book. The person who wrote the review is called Charles Moore. Here is a quote from it: That pretty much sums up my experience reading Aaron Rayburns novel, THE SHADOW GOD. I took one for the team, so the rest of you would NEVER have to be subjected to this beast. I beg you, dont let my selflessness be for nothing. Heed my warning. This is the worst book ever written. The back cover copy reads Craig Johnson had two best friends, two caring parents, a hot girlfriend, and a nice trucknot bad for a twenty-year-old. Already were in trouble. The author photo shows Rayburn in all his mid-20s virginal glory. Manson contacts, a black cap turned backwards with a red 666 monogrammed on it, hes posing next to what looks like a rubber demon. His bio includes the line He also says that he owes a great deal of gratitude to the Devil . . . for filling his mind with such horrific images. If this book is the most horrific thing the devil can come up, I think humanity is safe from the threat of hell. So if you want laugh a bit, here is the permalink. All wannabe writers take notice of what might come after you publish your book! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidAt Your Disposal6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

World War II - Lieutenant Colonel Otto Skorzeny

World War II - Lieutenant Colonel Otto Skorzeny Otto Skorzeny - Early Life Career: Otto Skorzeny was born June 12, 1908, in Vienna, Austria. Raised in a middle class family, Skorzeny spoke fluent German and French and was educated locally before attending university. While there, he developed skills in fencing. Taking part in numerous bouts, he received a long scar on the left side of his face. This along with his height (64), was one of Skorzenys distinguishing features. Unhappy with the rampant economic depression prevalent in Austria, he joined the Austrian Nazi Party in 1931 and a short time later became a member of the SA (Stormtroopers). Otto Skorzeny - Joining the Military: A civil engineer by trade, Skorzeny came to minor prominence when he saved Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas from being shot during the Anschluss in 1938. This action caught the eye of Austrian SS chief Ernst Kaltenbrunner. With the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Skorzeny attempted to join the Luftwaffe but instead was assigned as an officer-cadet in the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (Hitlers bodyguard regiment). Serving as a technical officer with the rank of second lieutenant, Skorzeny put his engineering training to use. During the invasion of France the following year, Skorzeny traveled with 1st Waffen SS Divisions artillery. Seeing little action, he later took part in the German campaign in the Balkans. During these operations, he compelled a large Yugoslav force to surrender and was promoted to first lieutenant. In June 1941, Skorzeny, now serving with the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, took part in Operation Barbarossa. Attacking into the Soviet Union, Skorzeny aided in the fighting as German troops neared Moscow. Assigned to a technical unit, he was tasked with seizing key buildings in the Russian capital after its fall. Otto Skorzeny - Becoming a Commando: As the Soviet defenses held, this mission was ultimately called off. Remaining on the Eastern Front, Skorzeny was wounded by shrapnel from Katyusha rockets in December 1942. Though injured, he refused treatment and continued fighting until the effects of his wounds forced his evacuation. Taken to Vienna to recover, he received the Iron Cross. Given a staff role with the Waffen-SS in Berlin, Skorzeny began extensive reading and research into commando tactics and warfare. Enthusiastic about this alternative approach to warfare he began advocating it within the SS. Based on his work, Skorzeny believed that new, unconventional units should be formed to conduct attacks deep behind enemy lines. In April 1943, his work bore fruit as he was selected by Kaltenbrunner, now the head of the RSHA (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt - Reich Main Security Office) to develop a training course for operatives that included paramilitary tactics, sabotage, and spying. Promoted to captain, Skorzeny quickly received command of Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal. A special operations unit, it was redesignated 502nd SS Jger Battalion Mitte that June. Relentlessly training his men, Skorzenys unit conducted their first mission, Operation Francois, that summer. Dropping into Iran, a group from the 502nd was tasked with contacting dissident tribes in the region and encouraging them to attack Allied supply lines. While contact was made, little resulted from the operation. With the collapse of Benito Mussolinis regime in Italy, the dictator was arrested by the Italian government and moved through a series of safe houses. Angered by this Adolf Hitler ordered that Mussolini be rescued. Otto Skorzeny - The Most Dangerous Man in Europe: Meeting with a small group of officers in July 1943, Hitler personally selected Skorzeny to oversee the operation to free Mussolini. Familiar with Italy from a prewar honeymoon trip, he began a series of reconnaissance flights over the country. During this process he was shot down twice. Locating Mussolini at the remote Campo Imperatore Hotel atop Gran Sasso Mountain, Skorzeny, General Kurt Student, and Major Harald Mors began planning a rescue mission. Dubbed Operation Oak, the plan called for the commandoes to land twelve D230 gliders on a small patch of clear land before storming the hotel. Moving forward on September 12, the gliders landed on the mountain top and seized the hotel without firing a shot. Collecting Mussolini, Skorzeny and the deposed leader departed Gran Sasso aboard a small Fieseler Fi 156 Storch. Arriving in Rome, he escorted Mussolini to Vienna. As a reward for the mission, Skorzeny was promoted to major and awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross. Skorzenys daring exploits at Gran Sasso were widely publicized by the Nazi regime and he was soon dubbed the most dangerous man in Europe. Otto Skorzeny - Later Missions: Riding the success of the Gran Sasso mission, Skorzeny was asked to oversee Operation Long Jump which called for operatives to assassinate Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at the November 1943 Tehran Conference. Unconvinced that the mission could succeed, Skorzeny had it cancelled due to poor intelligence and the arrest of the lead agents. Moving on, he began planning Operation Knights Leap which was intended to capture Yugoslav leader Josip Tito at his Drvar base. Though he intended to personally lead the mission, he backed out after visiting Zagreb and finding its secrecy compromised. Despite this, the mission still went forward and ended disastrously in May 1944. Two months later, Skorzeny found himself in Berlin following the July 20 Plot to kill Hitler. Racing around the capital, he aided in putting down the rebels and maintaining Nazi control of the government. In October, Hitler summoned Skorzeny and gave him orders to go to Hungary and stop Hungarys Regent, Admiral Miklà ³s Horthy, from negotiating peace with the Soviets. Dubbed Operation Panzerfaust, Skorzeny and his men captured Horthys son and sent him to Germany as a hostage before securing Castle Hill in Budapest. As a result of the operation, Horthy left office and Skorzeny was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Otto Skorzeny - Operation Griffin: Returning to Germany, Skorzeny began planning Operation Griffin. A false-flag mission, it called for his men to dress in American uniforms and penetrate US lines during the opening phases of the Battle of Bulge to cause confusion and disrupt Allied movements. Moving forward with around 25 men, Skorzenys force had only minor success and many of his men were captured. Upon being taken, they spread rumors that Skorzeny was planning a raid on Paris to capture or kill General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Though untrue, these rumors led to Eisenhower being placed under heavy security. With the end of the operation, Skorzeny was transferred east and commanded regular forces as an acting major general. Mounting a tenacious defense of Frankfurt, he received the Oak Leaves to the Knights Cross. With defeat on the horizon, Skorzeny was tasked with creating a Nazi guerrilla organization dubbed the Werewolves. Lacking sufficient manpower to build a fighting force, he instead used the group to create esc ape routes out of Germany for Nazi officials. Otto Skorzeny - Surrender Later Life: Seeing little choice and believing he could be useful, Skorzeny surrendered to US forces on May 16, 1945. Held for two years, he was tried at Dachau for war crime tied to Operation Griffin. These charges were dismissed when a British agent stated that Allied forces had conducted similar missions. Escaping from an internment camp at Darmstadt in 1948, Skorzeny spent the remainder of his life as a military advisor in Egypt and Argentina as well as continued to aid former Nazis through the ODESSA network. Skorzeny died of cancer in Madrid, Spain on July 5, 1975, and his ashes were later interred in Vienna. Selected Sources World War II: Otto SkorzenyJVL: Otto SkorzenyNNDB: Otto Skorzeny